According to ASHA, which of the following is considered a communication impairment?

The correct answer encompasses a broad understanding of what constitutes communication impairments. According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), communication impairments are diverse and include a variety of disorders and patterns.

Orofacial myofunctional patterns refer to the muscle coordination and function of the mouth and face, which can affect speech sound production and overall communication. These are classified under communication impairments as they directly impact an individual's ability to produce speech sounds accurately.

Manual communication systems, such as sign language or other forms of non-verbal communication, are also considered communication modes that can reflect impairments, especially in individuals who are non-verbal or have significant communication challenges.

Language disorders, which can include difficulties with understanding and using language effectively, fall within the classification of communication impairments as they can significantly affect social interaction, academic success, and daily communication.

By recognizing that all of these elements—myofunctional patterns, manual communication systems, and language disorders—intersect and contribute to the broader category of communication impairments, one can appreciate the comprehensive nature of ASHA’s definition. Thus, the answer that includes all these components as communication impairments captures the full spectrum of challenges individuals may face in effective communication.